Compere and contrast the presidential and parliamentary institutional Essay

Compere and contrast the presidential and parliamentary institutional structures in Canada and the U.S includes executive, legislature and judiciary - Essay Example Every country in the world operates either a parliamentary system of governance, or a presidential one. In history, these two governance structures can be traced back to the United Kingdom and the United States of America (Antonio, 2007). While the former practices the parliamentary system, the latter is governed by a presidential system. So what are the similarities and differences between the two? We shall first discuss the parliamentary system followed by the presidential system. We shall then highlight their similarities and differences. The parliamentary system of governance, as earlier mentioned, is a system that has been successfully implemented in the United Kingdom, as well as in some of its former colonies. Historically, under this system, the law was understood to be any word that came from either the King or the queen. Power was vested in either of the two and their word was the law. However, this changed over time. The English Civil War is feted for effecting changes such as the shifting of power from the King or Queen to the Parliament. As such, the royalty position is now ceremonial (Bergman, 2006). So how does this structure of governance operate? Under this system, the Parliament is vested with the power of controlling all the duties, deliberations, and functions of Government. They thus create a system of checks and balances to monitor the functions of Government. Members of Parliament (MPs), who are also representatives of the people, are elected into office by the people. The elected members take up executive functions in government. The Prime Minister, who is the head of government, is entirely dependent on Parliament when making decisions such as the selection of Ministers from the 446 MPs who are elected to Parliament (Antonio, 2007). Ministers are selected based on their loyalty to their respective

Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence Essay Example for Free

Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence Essay Thomas Paine’s Common Sense and Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence are two important and popular persuasive documents in American history. Both documents were written in 1776 about the same subject (Famighetti 512; Independence Hall Association 1999). However, as one reads the different documents one would observe the difference in tone and styles adopted by each author to express their ideas. As persuasive works both presents the current problems that they were facing, both give reasons as to why the problem was occurring and both presents a solution to the problem. The subject of both documents was Great Britain’s relationship with the American colonies. Both documents were written at a time when Great Britain was pressuring the American colonies to pay unreasonable and unfair taxes to her (Perry 431). Paine had felt that Great Britain was abusing its power while Jefferson argued that Great Britain was a tyrant. Then each author proceeded to enumerate their own reasons why they think it was so. In view of the current circumstances, both authors had felt that the colonies should free itself from Britain’s rule. In communicating his ideas, Thomas Paine’s Common Sense was written more in the direction of an editorial persuasive essay that aimed to make the people become aware of what was really going on between Britain and the American colonies. In the opening paragraph Paine clearly admit that what he was about to say may not be the general belief or views of his readers, â€Å" perhaps the sentiments contained in the following pages are not yet sufficiently fashionable to procure them general favor†( Independence Hall Association1999 ). He was merely presenting his opinion regarding a certain situation. On the other hand, Jefferson’s works was already a call to action as if the people already knew what was going on. The assumption that he was addressing to people who already knew the real situation was in the statement, â€Å"When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another† (Fameghetti 512), as if implying that certain events of which the people were aware of is now leading them to separate from Britain. In other words, Common Sense was educating the people while The Declaration of Independence was largely calling the now â€Å"educated† people to action. Thomas Paine’s discourse was merely voicing his opinions and informing the people of the real situation, his tone of voice was more of calm persuasion as if he was waking up the general American public from a long sleep of indifference and ignorance when he observes that the Americans were in â€Å"a long habit of not thinking a thing wrong† which â€Å"gives it a superficial appearance of being right†( Independence Hall Association 1999 ) . Paine then ended his document with a suggestion of what the American people should do. Jefferson on the other hand, adopted a more confident, assertive and with a sense of urgency tone in his work, with the goal of rallying more sympathizers and followers to the cause of independence and urging them to make an immediate action. This can be supported by the fact that by the time the document was conceived and read, not all Americans agreed to the separation (Perry 431). Yet Jefferson used the â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident†, using the word â€Å"we† to mean that he was assuming that all Americans was sharing his views and with this regard he was playing the role as the voice of the American people (Fameghetti 512). Unlike Paine, Jefferson ended the document not with a suggestion but with a bold announcement for the need of separation (Fameghetti 513). Moreover, the organization of both documents was different. Jefferson took a rather direct and abrupt approach in communicating his views. He immediately introduce his ideas in the beginning few paragraphs citing John Locke’s â€Å"inalienable rights† as the main basis for his argument and without much hesitation supported his view on separation by listing Britain’s faults. The theme of his works was more to justify American acts of rebellion so that other nations such as Spain and France from which they hope to gain support for their cause will not consider their revolutionary actions as illegal acts of rebellion (Maier 43). Paine, on the other hand, adopted a storytelling format in presenting his views. He took pains in providing background information about his subject (Independence Hall Association 1999). He examined every detail and favorable examples and presented them as logical explanations in support of his views of why it is better for a nation to be independent of Britain. When one examines each documents, one can conclude that in Common Sense, Paine acted as a persuasive educator, whose role was only that of a man who had the task of arousing the interest of his readers to side with his views while Jefferson acted more as an active leader of rebellion, whose main goal was to inspire the people to make immediate action in response to their belief that Great Britain should not rule over them. Works Cited Famighetti, Robert. The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1996. New Jersey: Funk and Wagnalls Corporation, 1995. Independence Hall Association. â€Å"Common Sense by Thomas Paine†. 1999. US History Organization Website. Accessed April 4, 2008 http://www. ushistory. org/paine/commonsense/singlehtml. htm Maier, Pauline. American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997. Perry, Marvin. A History of the World. New York: Houghton and Mifflin, 1988.

Connotations Of Animal Words In English And Chinese Languages Essay

Connotations Of Animal Words In English And Chinese Languages Essay Abstract This paper aims to study the characteristics of different types of animal words in English and Chinese. Because of the close relation between human beings and animals, animal words have been given rich connotations. However, due to the differences of customs, living environments and cultural backgrounds of various nationalities, each nationality has its own understanding about animal words. According to their features, this paper divides animal words into three categories ¼Ã…’one is same animal words, similar connotations, one is same animal words, different connotations, another is different animal words, similar connotations. Whats more, it is to further analyze the translation strategy for each group of animal words and find out a rule for the translation of animal words. Key Words intercultural communication; animal words; difference; connotation; translation strategy 1. Introduction Animal words take over a large amount in English and Chinese. As the result, it is significant to master different meanings of animal words in intercultural communication. 1.1 Research Background With the rapid development of the global world, people have more and more chances to communicate with foreigners. Intercultural communication has become more and more important. It is a common phenomenon in our daily life, which can occur anytime and anywhere just between two people from different countries. Due to the differences of cultures and social backgrounds between the countries, people have diverse understandings toward a same word. A successful intercultural communication demands exact meaning and accurate expression. The animal is closely related to the human beings. In the daily life, people will use large numbers of animal words to express the feelings or describe some situations. Animal words contain large cultural information. As two of the most widely used languages, both Chinese and English are full of animal words which have accumulated abundant connotations as the time passed by. To know the right connotation of an animal word between English and Chinese, we can avoid making mistakes in the process of translation, and avoid misunderstandings in intercultural communication as well. 1.2 Purpose of the Research As Là ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Aà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Samovar said ¼Ã… ¡It is more accurate to say people possess meaning and that words elicit these meanings. We can have different meanings for the same word. All people ¼Ã…’drawing on their backgrounds, decide what a word means(Là ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Aà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Samovar ¼Ã…’1995 ¼Ã… ¡152). So based on different cultural background, animal words have different connotations. While in intercultural communication, its necessary to understand the connotations of animal words. Meanwhile, the translation is one of the most important activities on intercultural communication. Therefore, in this thesis, the writer wants to study the difference connotations of animal words in English and Chinese and to find out a translation rule for different kinds of animal words. 1.3 Structure of the Paper The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter includes the research background, purpose of the study and the organization of this thesis. In the second chapter, literature review aims at presenting the previous investigations of animal word, which includes the achievements and limitations of past studies of animal words. Then the third chapter discusses the similarities and differences of animal words in English and Chinese. In this chapter, the writer divides animal words into three different categories. The fourth chapter finds out the suitable translation strategies for each kind of animal words. The last chapter draws a conclusion and points out the limitations of the research ¼Ã… ½ 2. Literature Review The history of intercultural communication maybe is as long as the history of human life. The bargains of merchants along the silk road during the Tang Dynasty in China and the immigration of thousands upon thousands of gold-diggers to north America are the instances of intercultural communication(à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¨Ã… ½Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2011 ¼Ã… ¡5). But actually, the systemic study of intercultural communication just started in the United States in the 1950s. Intercultural communication is related to linguistics ¼Ã…’psychology ¼Ã…’praxiology ¼Ã…’sociology, philosophy and so on. In addition, intercultural communication plays a major role in tourists, overseas studies, business and immigrants. The scholars at home have been done many investigations of animal words in English and Chinese from various dimensions. Such as Liao Guangrong (à ¥Ã‚ »-à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å"†°Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2000) pays more attention to the cultural connotation of the animal word itself. Liu Yingjie(à ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‹Å"à ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2006) focuses on the linguistics to analyze animal words. The thesis A Comparative Cognitive Analysis of Metaphors in English and Chinese Animal Terms (Di Feng, 2006) studies the animal terms from the stand point of metaphors. He focused on proving the effect of metaphorical competence development to the language enhancement and cultural studying through the study of contemporary metaphor theories and the relationship between the animal terms and cultural. Zhou Datian(2007) analyzes the reasons that cause the different images of animal words in English and Chinese. He points out that these differences are influenced by four features. They are the cul ture, literary quotations about animal words, peoples customs and the mode of production, the sports and entertainment. Meanwhile, he thinks that animal words represent the national characteristic. If we understand and use animal words correctly, we can study and comprehend these two languages better. By reviewing the previous researches in animal words, the author finds that animal words studies on the perspective of the intercultural communication are limited ¼Ã… ½Even there is no paper systematically analyzing the major translations methods of different kinds of animal words that base on intercultural communication. 3. The Similar and Different Connotations of Animal Words in English and Chinese If people dont understand the cultural background of the sentences, it is hard to know the true meaning the speaker wants to express while in intercultural communication. For example, here is a dialogue about the connotation of an animal word. A asks B whether he is ready for the math exam tomorrow. Then B answers that he has got his rabbits foot right here. In this dialogue, the rabbits foot shares the same meaning of good luck and success. If we dont know this background, we would not continue the talking. So it is worthy of studying the similarities and differences of the connotation of animal words so as to avoid the embarrassment in intercultural communication. 3.1 Same Animal Words, Similar Connotations Most animal words contain abundant connotations. However, because of animals nature and traits, they often share the same meaning. The connotation of bull in English and Chinese are similar in accordance with the bad temper of bull. To refer to a person who is stubborn, Chinese and English share some similar expressions. In English, people say Sometimes you can be so bull-headed! While in Chinese, people usually say à §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ . And the image of the bee which is busy gathering honey is well-known by people, so we use the bee to praise the industrious and hardworking person both in English and Chinese, e.g. He is as busy as a bee. In addition, living in the similar environment, though people from different culture background, they would share similar understanding about a same animal. Take fox as an example, when the fox refers to a person, it means that the man is cunning or sly. According to Oxford Dictionary, pig is Domestic or wild animal with short legs, cloven hooves and a broad blunt snout (Oxford, 1108). That is the denotation of pig. Actually the imaginary and metaphorical expressions of pig in English and Chinese are alike as well. They both connotes the images of fat, foolish and greedy. In Chinese, à ¨Ã†â€™-à ¥Ã‚ ¾-à ¥Ã†â€™Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ´Ãƒ §Ã…’ ªÃ‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ´Ãƒ §Ã…’ ªÃƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã…’ ªÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¨Ã‚  Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ §Ã…’ ªare gross words to scold people. In English, there are saying like as fat as a pig , He makes a pig of himself (à ¤Ã‚ »-à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚ ½) or He has been a pig about money(à ¤Ã‚ »-à ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾-à ¦-  Ãƒ ¥Ã… ½Ã…’). There are others sharing similar connotation, for instance, lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen (à ©Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã… ½Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ®); fish in troubled waters (à ¦Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¸Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ¼); Its a good horse that never stumbles(à ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬Å¾) . In short, when in intercultural communication, the similarity of connotative meanings of animal words in English and Chinese can help people make less misunderstanding as possible. 3.2 Same Animal Words, Different Connotations In most cases, the animal word stands for different images in different cultures. Here the author wants to introduce some typical animal words which are remarkably different in different cultures.. 3.2.1 Fish(à ©Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ¼) Britain is an island country. The fishery and seafaring are fully developed and they mean a lot to Britain. Thus, many sayings are created according to the sea. For example, British will use a fine kettle of fish to express the things are in the mess or farfetched. Fish in the air is equal to the Chinese phrase à ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ˆ. To have other fish to fry means people have other things to deal with. About the fish in English ,it is also a derogatory word reflected to the bad person, like a poor fish(à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¨Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ «); a loose fish(à §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ´Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ º); a cold fish (à ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¼Ã‚  Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ º). It is very difficult to know the exact meaning without a well understanding about the English culture. So does the Chinese. The fish has the same pronunciation as à ¤Ã‚ ½Ã¢â€ž ¢, so the fish is the symbol of abundance in Chinese. In Spring Festival, people would like to cook a fish as a dish to symbolize a good luck in the next year(the authors translation) (à §Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¼Ã…’2003 ¼Ã… ¡17à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 18). It is a special tradition of China which is unique over the world. Many foreigners hear little of it. 3.2.2 Dog(à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-) Dog shares the same denotation in both English and Chinese. But Chinese and English-speaking countries have different attitudes toward dog. To talk about the connotation, these two languages are greatly diverse. In English-spoken countries, people do not just keep dogs for hunting or farming, but also treat them as fellows. The dog always shows a lovely and loyal image in English. By this reason, English people keep taking the dog as humans faithful friend. Here are some expressions of dog : a lucky dog(à ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¿), a clever dog (à ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¦Ã‹Å"Ã… ½Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ º), a top dog (à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ©), every dog has its days ¼Ã… ½(à ¦Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ©Ã†â€™Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¦Ã…“†°Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾-à ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦- ¶). Opposite to English, when to refer a person of dog, it usually means something bad in Chinese. For instance, the myth à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-à ¥Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ´Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¿Ã†â€™ means mistaking a good person as bad guy. Most Chinese phrases about à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-are associated with derogatory connotations. It is reflected on the sayings like à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã… ½, à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-à ¦Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢, à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-à ¤Ã‚ »-à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã…  Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ §Ã…  Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-à §Ã…“ ¼Ãƒ §Ã…“†¹Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã… ½Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-à ¥Ã‹Å" ´Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¨Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â€ž ¢. While Chinese say someone like a dog or à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-à ¦Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ §Ã‚ , they are criticizing a person. No Chinese people would like to be called as a dog. T hus we must take special care while translating from English to Chinese. 3.2.3 Dragon(à ©Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â€ž ¢) Dragon is of commentary meaning in Chinese. According to the dictionary, dragon is a heroic animal of the ancient Chinese legend, the ancient symbol of the emperor (the authors translation) (à §Ã… ½Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ £Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¼Ã…’816). Dragon is an imaginary animal in China. In Chinese culture dragon occupies a prominent position as it symbolizes auspiciousness, wealth, future and power. We Chinese people call ourselves as descendants of dragon(à ©Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã‚  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ º). Parents hope their children can be useful and have a bright future like a dragon or a phoenix when they grow up. Ancient people also believed that the dragon was the king of the sea ¼Ã…’was an immortal. Therefore the dragon is always associated with water and heavens. On the contrary, dragon is a derogatory term in English. Though à ©Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â€ž ¢ and dragon are both an imaginary animal in China and western countries, they have different appearances. According to the dictionary, the dragon is a mythical monster like a giant reptile. In European tradition the dragon is typically fire-breathing and tends to symbolize chaos or evil (The New Oxford Dictionary of English.2001). Dragon is also considered to be a fierce person, esp. a woman. So obviously, the translator cant translate the dragon word directly from Chinese to English. It will make English people think that it is a curse. 3.3 Different Animal Words, Similar Connotations By the commonness of social lives and customs in China and English-speaking countries, people may use different animal words to represent similar connotations, especially in the idioms. For instance, à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ³Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¬ has the same meaning of the black sheep of the family(à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ §Ã‚ ¾Ã…  ); à §Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã…  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã…’ can be regarded as love me love my dog; English people would like to say like a rat in the hole to describe a person who is sure to win or troubles are easily to save. But in Chinese ,we prefer to employ à §Ã¢â‚¬Å" ®Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¦Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ©Ã‚ ³-; To refer to hypocritical, in Chinese it would use à §Ã…’ «Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å" ­Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¼Ã‚  . In English it would use the crocodile tears(à ©Ã‚ ³Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã…“ ¼Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ³Ã‚ ª); Sell a pig in a poke has the same meaning as à ¦Ã…’‚à §Ã‚ ¾Ã…  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ -à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-à ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬ °. There is one more typical examination of this sort. HorseandOx Because of the difference of farming practices, horse and ox play the same role in China and Britain. They are the important instruments for farming, so horse and ox share some similarities in these two counties, even in other western counties. To refer to strong, in Chinese there are expressions like à ¥Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ £Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾-à ¥Ã†â€™Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ´Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬ º. In English, they are equal to as strong as a horse. Hardworking without complain, in Chinese, these person will be called à ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬ º(à §Ã‚ ½-à ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2010 ¼Ã… ¡2). While in English, they will be said as work like a horse or a willing horse. In other aspect, the man who tells lies would be called à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ §Ã… ¡Ã‚ ®. And he would be called talk horse in English. 4. The Translation of Animal Words in English and Chinese According to Columbia Encyclopedia, Translation is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor (Columbia, qtd. inà ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ³Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¦,2006:40). Our famous scholar Yan Fu defined the standards of the translation as faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance. Generally speaking, it is difficult for translators to translate a word individually without a sentence or a text. They should maintain the right meaning of the source language, and also follow the style of the original texts to keep the coherence of the source texts and the target texts. Translation is often compared to a bridge, which is not just between the source text and the target text but between the author of original text and the reader of the target text(à ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ³Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¦,2006:40 41). The close relation between language and culture determines the close ties of translation and culture. Translation is not just about individual words. The cultural backgrounds and knowledge also play a major role in translation and restrict it. Therefore ¼Ã…’translation is one of intercultural communication activities. The words translation constructs the foundation of intercultural communication(the authors translation) (à §Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º,2003 ¼Ã… ¡21). 4.1 The Translation Strategy for animal words Sharing Similar Connotation Because the similar understanding of the same animal words in English and Chinese, the reader can easily get the right meaning of the words without the translators explanation. These animal words can be translated into other language directly. In other words, translators can use literal translation on animal words which share the same denotations or the similar connotation. Literal translation refers to translate a sentence originally, keeping the original forms, including construction of sentences, meaning of the original words and metaphor of the original and so on. It can not only reproduce the meaning and frame of language, but also keep its vivid image figure of speech and novel and unique expressive ways so that the readers can comprehend the origins literal grace(à ¤Ã‚ ½Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ , 2011). Here are some examples of using literal translation. There is an English sayings like water off a ducks back to describe a phenomena that the water couldnt stay in the ducks back and all slide off without any trail. It is used to criticize a person whom the suggestions have no effect on. Likewise, there is a same idiom in Chinese which has the same connotation à ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¨Ã†â€™Ã…’. Thus, translators can use literal translation on this saying. Because the image of the rat is timid and disgusting both in English and Chinese, the phrases A lion at home ¼Ã…’a mouse a broad and A rat crossing the street is chased by a11 can be directly translated to à ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤-à ¥Ã†â€™Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¼Ã‚   and à ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¼Ã‚  Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¡-à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¥-Ã…  Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬Å". There are others animal words have similar connotations like black horse(à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ©Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¬), as stupid as an ass(à §Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾-à ¥Ã†â€™Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ´) and do not be a goose(à ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ «Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¦). The literal translation can not only express the same connotations of animal words, but also can remain the language style of the source text better. 4.2 The Translation Strategy for Animal Words Sharing Diverse Connotation It is a good choice to use the free translation to interpret animal words which have same denotations but different connotations in English and Chinese. Only to abandon the denotations can we guarantee that the cultural meaning would be accurately transferred. To take the typical example dragon. As we all know, dragon has a completely opposite images in Chinese and English. So, a Chinese phrase à ¦Ã…“†ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ­Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‹â€ Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â€ž ¢ can not be translated literally into expect ones son to become a dragon. In order to avoid misunderstanding, the better translation is to expect ones son to become useful. Out of such consideration,à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ… ¡Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ²Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â€ž ¢ is properly interpreted as the four tigers of Asia ¼Ã… ½But in recent years, with the widespread of Chinese Dragon Culture, some scholars put forward that translator can translate à ©Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â€ž ¢ to Loong to reserve the Chinese cultural characteristic(à ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ·Ã ¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ¾Ã‚  Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2008 ¼Ã… ¡2). In English, it has an acclaim like you are a lucky dog. But because of the different images of dog in English and Chinese, it will be considered as a curse when is translated to à ¤Ã‚ ½Ã‚  Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¯Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¦Ã‹Å"Ã… ½Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-. If the connotations of one animal word is dissimilar even inconsistent in two languages, the better translation strategy is only to keep the connotation, in other words, to use the free translation. Thus, the sentence you are a lucky dog should be translated into à ¤Ã‚ ½Ã‚  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¦Ã‹Å"Ã… ½. 4.3 The Translation Strategy for Different Animal Words Sharing Similar Connotation On the basis of the analysis above, there exists a situation in which different animal words share the similar connotations in English and Chinese. This type of animal words can be substituted by each other. While translating, the translator just needs to find the matched animal words or some idioms to replace it. These are some translation instances from English to Chinese. As the analysis above, the connotations of the lion and tiger are similar. As the result, to place oneself in a lions mouth can be translated to à §Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ºÃ‚ «Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã… ½Ãƒ §Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ´. Meanwhile, we would better translate the English idiom kill the goose that laid the golden eggs to à ¦Ã‚ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ -à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ µ rather than à ¦Ã‚ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ -à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ µ. Beside, it seems no mistake to translate the phrase better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion to à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ §Ã…  Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¦-,à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã…“à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¾. Bu t the Chinese may dont understand the connotation of this translation. In addition, a Chinese saying à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ©Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¾ shares the similar meaning with this phrase. Alternatively, we could use à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ©Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¾ to replace the translation of à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ §Ã…  Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¦-,à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã…“à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¾ in this phrase. The English to wake a sleeping wolf and the Chinese à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¨Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¦Ã†â€™Ã…  Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ¡ both express the inadvertently action making the others awareness and prevention. In this way, these two phrases can interconvert while translating. The purpose of translation is to maintain the cultural meanings of the source texts. It is not suitable to use literal translation or free translation to translate animal words which different ones stand for similar connotation. It is easily to confuse and mislead the readers. The author thinks that the best translation strategy for these animal words is to use the similar connotation words of the target language to substitute the original animal word in source text. It is better to maintain the connotation and the language characteristic of source text as well. 5. Conclusion Animal words contain lots of connotations which are relied on peoples living environment, religion and the animals appearances. Since the close relation between human being and animals, and the various connotations of animal words in English and Chinese, it is really necessary to know the exact meaning of animal words to guarantee intercultural communication go on smoothly. The translation is one important intercultural communication activity. After analyzing animal words connotations, the writer finds that animal words can be divided into three categories according to their own connotation feature. Each group of animal words is suitable for one translation strategy. Translation in English and Chinese, translators can use the literal translation for the same animal words referring to similar meaning, and use the free translation for same animal words referring to different meaning. In addition, translators can use the same meaning animal words to replace when different words share si milar meaning. But this mode is not stationary, the translators must be flexible, they should find the right connotation in the source text based on the writers intention. A successful translation is to express the deep meaning of the source texts through analyzing the whole texts, instead of studying on the surface. By the limited scope of knowledge of the author and insufficient time, this paper just talks about a minimal part of the study of animal words and refers to only three major translation strategies. There are more animal words which cannot be listed and discussed here one by one. But the author hopes this thesis can be helpful for the further research of animal words.

Argument for Legalization of Marijuana Essay -- Argumentative Persuas

Marijuana has become one of the most controversial drugs in America. Ever since its cultivation began around 1611, marijuana has puzzled people with its effects. Many question marijuana?s classification as a schedule one drug. A schedule one drug is one that has a high potential for abuse and no medicinal value. Some argue that the war on drugs, in particular marijuana, has cost taxpayers billions and is wasting funds that could be used on more important tasks such as improving transportation or education. As drug arrests rise, so do the populations in state prisons. This has become an immediate problem with no real solution. The legalization of possessing small amounts of marijuana can contribute positively to the medical and economic world as well as cut down on the prison population. Many people today use marijuana for multiple reasons. There will always be the teenager who tries it for the first time and enjoys the ?high? that comes along with smoking it. Besides those who smoke it for recreational purposes, there are those who need the plant as a form of medication. People suffering from a wide range of diseases and sicknesses such as AIDS and Glaucoma have claimed that it has benefited them. Numerous medical associations in the U.S. and abroad have done many tests to find the benefits and harms of marijuana. These tests come up with the same conclusion that marijuana is just as much if not more helpful than harmful. Approximately 400, 000 Americans die every year from a smoking related illness. In 5000 years of recorded use, marijuana has never been linked to a single death, overdose, or acute toxicity (Schlosser 48). Many cancer patients have used marijuana to combat nausea and pain. AIDS patients hav... ...wo percent of drug cases so the influence could not be measured accurately. In 1997, only 15 percent of state and federal inmates received substance-abuse treatment during their current terms. That number is down from 1991. There will always be a group of people that find some concepts as preposterous. There were those who believed that watching a talking box would never be entertaining. There were those that laughed in the Wright brother?s face when they proposed the idea of a flying machine. The idea of legalizing marijuana may seem absurd to those who do not use it but for those whose life it will improve, it seems like a grand idea. There are products on the market that can compare to marijuana?s negative effects yet those products are legal. When will America wake up and realize the cry for the legalization of marijuana is growing louder than ever?

Tata Motors

TATA MOTORS I. INTRODUCTION Tata Group is an Indian multinational company headquartered MUMBAI, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA. Tata group business is spread across 7 sectors their main sector being steels. Their empire is spread across 6 continents and has its presence in 80 nations. The combined market capitalization of all the 31 listed Tata companies was $89. 88 billion as of March 2012. Tata group gets its major revenue from overseas market contributing 58%. Tata Motors Limited is an Indian multinational manufacturing company. It is a subsidiary of the Tata group.Its products include passenger cars, trucks, vans, coaches, buses and military vehicles. It is the worlds 18th largest motor vehicle manufacturing company, fourth-largest truck manufacturer and second-largest bus manufacturer by volume. In Forbes fortune 500 companies Tata motors occupies 314th position. With the launch of Tata sierra in the year in 1991 Tata motors entered the passenger car segment. Tata Motors acquired the South Korean truck manufacturer Daewoo Commercial Vehicles Company in 2004 and the British premium carmaker Jaguar Land Rover in 2008.Tata Motors has vehicle assembly operations in India, the United Kingdom, South Korea, Thailand, Spain and South Africa. It plans to establish plants in  Turkey, Indonesia and Eastern Europe. Tata Motors' principal subsidiaries include Jaguar Land Rover, Tata Daewoo and Tata Hispano. Tata Motors has consolidated revenue of 32. 5 billion USD in the financial year 2011-2012. Tata motors have an employee base of more than 55,000 employees. Tata motor is the first Indian company from the engineering sector to be listed in the New York stock exchange. II. SWOT ANALYSIS OF TATA MOTORS LIMITEDSTRENGTHS: 1) Strong domestic presence: Tata has a strong presence in Indian market and it is a key manufacturer of commercial vehicles. It is the leading producer in commercial vehicles in all segment and they are among the top 3 producers in passenger vehicles market. Tat a motor company is India’s largest company with the revenue of 1,233,133 crore in the year 2010-2011. 2) Tata motors not only have the strategy for expansion and acquisitions but also they have the intensive management development program in order to develop the leaders of tomorrow. ) Taste and preference of the consumers in local regions is always taken care of in Tata motors. 4) Tata motors have a long list of product portfolios. It has passenger cars, commercial vehicles, trucks and coaches WEAKNESS 1) Tata motors cars are considered for economy class people and not in luxury car segment. So the company lacks its place in luxury car segment. 2) Though Tata cars are present in worldwide it has created major customer base only in India and its nearby countries like Bangladesh, srilanka, Pakistan. 3) The consumer base is limited to certain areas and certain people. ) Tata cars are not following the safety standards. Their design and the body metal used leads to this types of public image. This is a major concern for Tata. Their major example is their Tata Nano. 5) Tata cars are not for the younger generation consumers. Tata cars design is not been attracted by the people of the younger generation of people. 6) Return on investment in Tata motors shares is very low. 7) Even though they have bought luxury car manufacturers Jaguar and Land rover Tata has not made its strong presence in luxury car segment. OPPORTUNITIES: ) Luxury carmaker jaguar and land rover has added a greater advantage to its product portfolio. 2) Tata has a major support from the Indian government. 3) High market demand for the passenger car segment with low price. 4) The world is geared up for the greener revolution and there is a huge market for alternate fuel vehicles. THREATS: 1) Tata cars safety standards can lay down the public trust on their varied portfolio of cars. 2) Other car companies are there for more than 40 years so Tata should learn the production and quality from othe r car manufacturing vehicles. ) The economic conditions of the world countries. The downfall of the economic conditions and the constant fluctuations in the currency rates 4) For a low cost producer sustainability and environmental causes would be a greater concern. 5) Rising cost in the global economy for the steel and raw materials for the production of car can increase the cost of production of car. Most of the cars manufactured by Tata run on Diesel and cost of the Diesel is also increasing around the world and also in home country. GROWTH STRATEGYTata motors growth strategy is to have a position, which is not easily taken up by other competitors in the domestic market, and to expand its market to other countries by 1) Leveraging in house capabilities 2) Through strategic acquisitions and mergers to have a added advantage of their capabilities. In the year 1984 Tata Motors launched Light Commercial Vehicle. In the Year 1996 SUV (sierra) was launched by Tata. In the year 1998 Tat a launched its First passenger car. In the year 2004 Tata acquired Daewoo a Korean company. In the year 2005 Tata Acquired in Hispano, SpainFormed an industrial JV with Fiat, JV in India with Marco polo of Brazil, JV in Thailand with Thonburi In the year 2007. Acquisition of JLR took place in the year 2008. ACQUISITIONS AND JOINT VENTURES: TATA MOTORS AND MORCOPOLO; Tata formed a 51:49 Joint venture With Brazil based Marcopolo for manufacturing of Buses. Targeting mass rapid transportation this joint venture between Tata and Marcopolo manufactures and assembles fully built buses technical know – how support from Tata and process and Body design from Marcopolo. TATA AND FIAT: Tata formed a 50:50 JV with Fiat.With that Joint venture fiat supplied their Engines to Tata cars and Tata motors took care of selling Fiat cars through their dealers. ACQUISITIONS: TATA – DAEWOO Tata motors acquired Daewoo commercial vehicle of South Korea in the year 2004. The reason behind the a cquisition of Daewoo was to reduce the too much exposure in the domestic market and to expand Internationally. The acquisition of Tata and Daewoo lead to the 2nd largest manufacturer of Trucks in South Korea. TATA- HISPANO: In 2005 Tata motors acquired 21% of stakes in Hispano which lead to an opportunity in fully built bus segment.Hispano is European bus manufacturer. In 2009 it acquired the remaining 79% of the stakes by making Hispano their fully owned subsidiary. JAGUAR LAND ROVER: IN the year 2008 when the ford motor company sold JLR to Tata motors it JLR became the wholly owned Subsidiary of Tata motors. Thus by acquiring JLR Tata motors made its foot print in the luxury car segment. It was also one of the greatest acquisitions. It increased the diversity of market segments and their product portfolio. It created a great opportunity for Tata to enter into to Luxury segment with the world’s iconic brand.MARKETING MIX OF TATA MOTORS: 1) PRODUCT: Tata has a wide variety of vehicles placed in different segments. It has vehicles for commercial purposes, Passenger vehicles and in defense sectors also. They have the product placement in all the segments. 2) PRICE: Tata motorcars are generally affordable. Tata motors are targeting the middle-income class of people. Their cars are generally affordable and their service cost is also affordable when compared to the other car manufactures in India. They also manufacture the world’s cheapest car (Tata Nano).They also target the High-income group of people with the acquisition of JLR. The vehicle should not be priced high from other competitors and it should not be priced too low. 3) PROMOTION: a) Personal Selling: Advertising and after sales service is the main promotion strategy of Tata Motors. The basic aspect of advertising is to how you tell the message and what is the medium to tell message. Personal selling is more of in Tata Motors. With the customers who are in the intention to make a sale Tata motors dealers do a personal talk with the customers. b) Trade Fairs and Exhibition:Trade fairs and Exhibitions can promote their new concepts and they can introduce their new vehicles. This type of fairs will get a worldwide attention and recognition for their new models. Auto expo will be a meeting for both the consumers and for the trade. This will increase the awareness among the consumers. c) Sponsorship: It is that Tata motors will be associated with some sports events or events. This will help the Brand to get recognition among the persons who is associated with those events. Tata motors are sponsoring a football game in Spain. d) Advertisements:To create more awareness among the consumers Television Advertisements is also used. Radio advertisements are done to create awareness among the rural consumers. For detailed information print media is also concentrated. DISTRIBUTION OF TATA MOTORS: DMS Technology is used for efficient coordination between the dealers who are spread w orldwide. Apart from distribution networks it has also distributed its manufacturing units in various countries apart from India. Tata motors have assembly units in Brazil, Bangladesh, Thailand, and South Africa. Supply Chain excellence is one of the major success factors for Tata motors.Tata motors distribution and logistics part of the business is outsourced to Tata motors Distribution Company limited (TDCL) that is the wholly owned subsidiary of Tata motors to keep their distribution costs minimum. Through this Tata motors is reducing at least 1% of their distribution and they can concentrate on their core business. TDCL delivers the right product in right time and in right place, which in turn offered flexibility for Tata Motors. Supplier relationship management program and dealer management system bound the suppliers and dealers. Time to time reviews of these programs ensures the program work effectively.Importance is given for supplier coverage and transaction within the organ ization. FINANACE STRATEGIES OF TATA MOTORS: Financial loss in the year 2001 was really a shock for the Tata Motors. It was caused by the reduce in demand for their Truck segment and heavy Investment for their entry into passenger car segment caused them heavy loss for Tata Motors. It caused a 110 million $ loss to the Tata motors. So in 2001 Tata motors decided a 3-phase recovery process each phase is for 2 years totally the process is for 6 years. PHASE 1: To stop the bleedingPHASE 2: To consolidate the position in the Indian market. PHASE 3: To operate Internationally. For phase 1 the key objective was to reduce the Break-even point and to move into market pricing which was the technique of cost reduction. Benchmarking its rivals is also a cost reduction technique. E- sourcing is new to India when Tata went into it. But today Tata is the largest company using e- sourcing and it is leading in the automobile industry. E- sourcing is a faster way to conducting Tenders in online. E- sourcing reduced the Break- even point to one third from two third of their utilization of capacity.The company would be even more profitable when the size is reduced to even 60%. This ensured the bleeding of the company is stopped. For phase 2 to make the product more competitive in the market they improvised in the quality of the product and new product was introduced in the market they would be required by the market for another three to five years. By tightening the credit norms and by improving the liquidity and by new sales planning process and by increasing the profitability of dealers they can strengthen their market place.For phase 3 Tata motors started to identify the international market where there is more potential and where they can earn more respectable market share. â€Å"Tata motors sales (Including Exports) Commercial and passenger vehicles = 71,826 as of august 2012 From the year 2011 to 2012 it has increased by 12% Domestic market Commercial and passenger market = 67,453 as of August 2012 59,874 as of august 2011 It has increased by 4% â€Å" http://www. tatamotors. com/media/press-releases. php? id=783 â€Å"

My First Experience with Prostitute Essays

My First Experience with Prostitute Essays My First Experience with Prostitute Essay My First Experience with Prostitute Essay I had been at a concert in San Francisco when I found myself out of cigarettes, an affliction I suffered perhaps every other day, my habit being less severe than those that had taken the lives of so many people I’d known. My friend and I had met at the theater, and we had split up after the performance, so I was alone in my truck when she approached me. My new pack was in my hands, and I was fiddling with the wrapper when she appeared, silhouetted against the bright lights of the corner liquor store. She said, â€Å"Hey, handsome, do you want a date? † She was a pretty black woman of about 30, but her eyes were distant, as if she too had recently satisfied an addiction. My first thought was heroin. My second thought was of my girlfriend safe and warm in my bed. I took the plastic wrap off of my fresh pack. She had no way of knowing who I was, or that I worked as a psychologist at a mother and children’s drug treatment facility in Oakland. Only a few nights before, I had stayed late and listened to the story of Patrice, one of my adult clients: how her daughter had recently turned six, and how this was bringing up issues for her, as six was the age at which her own mother’s boyfriend had started sexually abusing her. Patrice had explained how she didn’t want to be like her mother, who had sometimes been in the same bed when the abuse took place, doing nothing, and how little bits and pieces of long-repressed memory were returning to her, seeing in her daughter a young an innocent version of herself. My client was always laughing and joking around, and this was the first time I’d seen her cry. I said, â€Å"No, I have to get home. † The woman lingered at my open window, and I looked again at her face. She was attractive, and quietly wasted at first, but then she started to get fidgety, which made me feel a little nervous as well. My motor was running, but I didn’t pull away. I wondered who this young woman was, and what she had done before she took up her current profession. I knew that some of my adult clients had been telephone operators, receptionists, and even drug counselors before their habits took them to the street. About 70% had sold their bodies for drug money while in their addictions. Patrice was very bright, but had been relatively young when she took to the streets. The emotions she had processed the other night were deep, and sometimes conflicting. Not only did she want to protect her daughter from what had happened to her, but she also felt jealous of her daughter: jealous that her daughter could be six years old in a mother and children’s drug treatment program where she was protected from abuse. And then she felt guilty about feeling jealous of her daughter. And she was mad at her mother, wishing that her mother, also an addict, could have found a program like the one at which she was a resident, and I a counselor. The woman said, â€Å"Well then, hey, could you just drive me a couple of blocks down the street? I just gotta get a couple of blocks down the street. † She was getting more antsy, and this made me a bit fearful, but I was surprised by the thought that went through my head. My fear was not that this young woman would have a weapon, and try to mug me, nor was it that some large â€Å"pimp† would emerge from the darkness and hassle me. It was that the police would suddenly emerge from nowhere and arrest me. Arrest me for what? I hadn’t offered her any money, and I hadn’t invited her into my car. But I was still afraid. And then I suddenly smiled at the irony: How funny it was that a part of my job was to help former prostitutes and drug dealers learn to lead the â€Å"straight† life, yet I was more fearful of entrapment by the police than of a prostitute and the unsavory company that might surround her. A couple of frivolous traffic stops over a ten year period had been enough to undermine y feeling of safety around Officers of the Law. She said, â€Å"Come on, Baby, just a couple of blocks down the street. † I had noticed at work that many of the women I worked with were good in the area of sales. They could keep you involved in a conversation, or convince you to give them a privilege that the rules did not allow, with great skill. In fact, in counselors meetings we had spoken of the im portance of helping our adult clients â€Å"sublimate† their sales skills into what we considered legitimate work. And there I was, mostly a prisoner of my own thoughts, but also of her persistence, actually contemplating giving her a ride. I said, â€Å"No, I really got to get across the bridge. † And at that point I gave her a look, I remember, of something like disbelief, as if to say, â€Å"What the hell are we doing out here having this conversation? And who are you, really? † I remember feeling kind of choked up, and like I wanted to tell her who I was, and what I did for a living. And then her face softened, and she smiled, though just for a couple of seconds. She knew in that moment that I wasn’t a potential John, and I think she knew that I didn’t judge her either. When she said, â€Å"Just a couple of blocks? † there was no conviction in her voice. â€Å"I’m just looking for a date,† sort of trailed off into the night. I pulled a cigarette out of my pack but I didn’t offer her one. I suppose I was putting my boundaries back up. I said, â€Å"I hope you find a man who treats you right tonight,† and I looked her straight in the face because I meant it. Then I threw the truck into first and pulled off. On the bridge, the Bay Bridge which takes me back to the East Bay, I wondered if I’d see her in our Program one day, or if she’d wind up dead, or just keep on doing what’s she’s doing. At work the next day, I wanted to mention my experience to Partice, but I did not, as it is not appropriate to discuss our personal lives with clients. This all happened about three years ago. Last I heard, Patrice was still clean and sober, had a good job, and her daughter was doing well. As for the prostitute, I don’t think I’d recognize her if I saw her today.